One of the issues occupying the European agenda for months was who will come to important positions that shape the European Union (EU). This question was answered last month. After the European Parliament elections held between 23rd-26th May 2019, the Presidency of the European Commission, the Presidency of the European Central Bank, the Presidency of the Council of Europe and the Presidencies of the European Parliament were determined.
On July 2, 2019, the summit negotiations were initiated for 5 important positions. On the first day of the Summit, no agreement was reached to determine the candidates for these five positions. EU heads of states spent long hours to reach a decision. While the leaders of the EU formed the administration behind closed doors, unexpected developments took place in the Parliament. An extreme right-wing group, the Identity and Democracy, was established in the European Parliament for the first time. The group is composed of 73 parliamentarians and lead by two strong far-right parties. One is Marine Le Pen's party, the National Front (Fr. Front National) and the other one is the Italian Salvini's League Party. Far-right parties from seven EU countries joined this group. This far right-group constitutes 10% of the Parliament, which makes them 5th largest group.
General evaluations in the European press after the elections suggest that the far-right movement is the most successful political movement in Europe. Other movements are in stagnation, for instance, the left is about to disappear. The main three developments are considered as the reasons for the strengthening of the far-right in the European Parliament:
10 countries joined the European Union in 2004:Millions of former eastern bloc citizens became "western". The current economic situation has become even more shared. Particularly, the share of the middle class in EU funds has decreased and this has created great dissatisfaction. Since 2004, this dissatisfaction has continued.
The 2008 crisis:Economic problems and austerity policies. This caused a turnaround for the middle-class.
Migrant crisis:The extreme right is expected to continue to become stronger in parallel with the continuing economic difficulties, as long as the centre-right and centre-left parties do not find a social and economic remedy. This threatens the existence of immigrants within the Union as well.
The important decision-making mechanism after the elections was the Council of Europe. A summit has been formed by the heads of states who are the members of the Council of Europe. On the days after July 2, the summit continued to work. As a result of this work, Charles Michel, the Prime Minister of Belgium, was elected as the President of the European Commission which was the position of Donald Tusk. For the position of the High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy, Spanish Foreign Minister Joseph Borrell was elected.
As a replacement for Jean-Claude Juncker, Ursula von der Leyen, the German Defense Minister, was elected. Von der Leyen was the first woman politician to be appointed to this position. The possibility of Ursula von der Leyen, who gained Merkel's trust, to become the German Chancellor after Angela Merkel is also discussed in the German public.
For the next five years, Ursula von der Leyen has been approved as the President of the European Commission. In this case, it can be regarded as the best of all possibilities for Turkey. Since she was the Defence Minister, she has comprehensive knowledge that Turkey is a state of strategic importance for the EU. Manfred Weber who was previously shown as "spitzenkandidat"[1](lead candidate) has continuously stressed his far-right position and made negative statements related to Turkey's EU Membership Process.
As a result of the functioning of the European democratic system, Weber who is the candidate for the largest party in the European Parliament, the European People's Party (EPP), missed out. It is considered as the end of the "Spitzenkandidat" system and the end of the "political experiment."[2]With the 2019 election results, even if a candidate is nominated as a favourite candidate and if the European Parliament does not get the most votes from the European Parliament, the Council of Europe has to nominate a new candidate within a month and the election process has to work as before. The decisions of the President of the European Commission will directly affect approximately 500 million people. Given the political and economic relations of the European Union with other countries, the President of the European Commission will have a decisive influence.
The agenda for the coming period will be very significant for the career of Ursula von der Leyen, the new European Commission President. Democratization process is one of the most important points of the European Union. According to some Europeans, European democratization[3]has been damaged by the fact that Ursula von der Leyen's name was set behind closed doors and that the process was far from transparency. On the other hand, although the process of transparency was damaged, far-right creating concern in Europe also has been prevented by this intervention. History shows that Hitler won the elections as a result of a "democratic process" too. The European Union also expressed concern about the strengthening of the extreme right-wing parties that have recently been on the rise in Continental Europe. A major shortcoming of the European Parliament, an organ of democratization in the European Union, is its inability to propose laws. Von der Leyen listed his plans on this issue among the election promises.
In addition to democratization, there are other different topics too in the Von der Leyen's agenda which are drawing attention. Brexit, which will not easily fall off the European agenda, seems to occupy Von der Leyen's agenda. Because at this stage, the effects of the separation with the UK will affect other areas as well. Brexit will also affect foreign policy and security. When the security issue comes up, the idea of forming an EU army reminds that the USA has been uncomfortable with this issue. The adoption and acceptance of the idea of the EU army would mean significant success for the President of the EU Commission.
Migration, climate change, the economic and social situation within the EU, the fight against racism and xenophobia has long occupied the European Union's agenda. Although Von der Leyen's attitude on all these issues has not become clear, these are the major issues that will affect the working mechanism of all institutions within the EU.
Christian Lagarde took over the management of ECB (European Central Bank). After his IMF (International Monetary Fund) Presidency, Lagarde, who is considered for the position of ECB Presidency, is not expected to make any significant changes in the current Euro Zone policy.[4]
The Prime Minister of Belgium Charles Michel was elected as the President of the Council of Europe as a replacement for Tusk. Michel will lead the meetings of the Council of the European Union, submit reports and prepare the ground for consensus within the EU and represent the EU at the leaders' level.[5]
The fourth-largest authority of the European Parliament is the Presidency. The vote for the Presidency carried out on July 3, and David Maria Sassoli, the candidate of the Social Democrats, was elected.[6]EPP nominee Manfred Weber has pushed his luck for this position as well. Weber's loss of this election can also be seen as a great thrashing on his behalf but a promising light in terms of the struggle against racism and xenophobia.
Considering elections for important positions within the European Parliament and the EU, the European Union has lost its effectiveness for the first time since its establishment. Some candidates were selected as a result of the choices which were made outside the European Parliament and by the politicians of the big states. The reason for this is that the European Parliament does not have a party having the absolute power to prevent this in these elections. This clearly shows how divided the European Union is.
Picture:https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/federal-government/cabinet/ursula-von-der-leyen
Translation: Çağdaş VAROL
[1]“European Elections 2019: What is a Spitzencandidat?”, EuroNews, 24 May 2019, https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/24/european-elections-2019-what-is-a-spitzenkandidat
[2]“Spitzenkandidaten: Is This The End of the Political Experiment?”, EuroNews, 18 July 2019, https://www.euronews.com/2019/07/17/spitzenkandidaten-is-this-the-end-of-the-political-experiment
[3]“Yeni AB Komisyonu Başkanı olacal Von der Leyen’i Bekleyen 7 Büyük Mücadele Alanı”, EuroNews.com, 30 July 2019, https://tr.euronews.com/2019/07/29/yeni-ab-komisyonu-baskani-olacak-von-der-leyen-i-bekleyen-7-buyuk-mucadele-alani
[4]“ECB, Lagarde Dönemine Hazırlanıyor”, dünya.com, 15 July 2019, https://www.dunya.com/finans/haberler/ecb-lagarde-donemine-hazirlaniyor-haberi-449918
[5]“Avrupa Birliği’nin En Önemli ‘Dört Koltuğunun’ Adayları Belirlendi”, independentturkish.com, 3 July 2019, https://www.independentturkish.com/node/47841/dünya/avrupa-birliği’nin-en-önemli-“dört-koltuğunun”-adayları-belirlendi
[6]“Avrupa Parlamantosu’nun Yeni Başkanı Sassoli Oldu”, aa.com.tr, 3 July 2019, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/avrupa-parlamentosunun-yeni-baskani-sassoli-oldu/1522170
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